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Chapter 9 Social Processes, Society and Culture
- Importance of the Situation
- Rules, explicit and implicit: give some examples of both
- Stanford Prison Experiment: basic importance; what happened to guards and inmates?
- Social norms=should
- Role of the group
- Deviation from the norm: consequences?
- Conformity
- What is informational vs. normative influence
- What does counter-normative mean?
- Asch experiment basics
- Norm crystallization
- The autokinetic effect illusion: what happens?
- Norm perpetuation and transmission
- Minority opinion aspects
- Group Thinking
- Polarization by the group
- Information influence
- Social comparison-representing an extreme position; effects?
- What is "group think"?
- Situational Power
- "No man is an island" aspects of
- Altruism/Prosocial Behavior
- Roots
- Facilitators of altruism: kinship, etc.
- Reciprocal altruism
- Role of distress when favors offered
- Indirect altruism
- Prosocial Behavior
- Motives (4)
- Empathy-altruism factor
- Genovese Effect
- Who was Kitty Genovese?
- Role of bystanders
- Diffusion of responsibility
- Need to:
- Notice
- Label as emergency
- Feel responsible
- Aggression
- Lorenz' theories of human aggression based on observation of animals
- Counter-theories re: evolution
- Physical vs. social aggression differences; genetic bases
- Role of serotonin and cortisol
- Impulse vs. instrumental aggression differences
- Personality traits linked to aggression: which ones?
- Role of the Situation: blocked in reaching goals
- Escalation w/direct provocation
- Cultural connectivity or no?
- Exposure to violence a factor
- Family history
- Conflict and Peace Psychology
- Milgram's Experiment
- Level of conformity?
- Demand characteristics
- Variation in results of Milgram's experiments (Fig. 9.7)
- Genocide and War Psychology
- Set of forces
- Who is the enemy and how are they portrayed?
- Why go to war? Motivations?
- Family nexus
- Fears of persecution
- Protect of resources, identity
- Peace Psychology
- The authoritarian, the group and leadership style
- Authoritarian, lasissez=faire vs. democratic governance
- Contact!
- Change in small increments
Basics
- Key components of communication
- Encoding/decoding: who does what?
- What interferes with processing?
- Content and relationship factors (power and status)
- Transactional nature: what does that mean? quick bursts or ongoing communication?
- Example of context of communication?
- Speaking
- Denotation (objective) and connotation (subjective)
- Consider the audience; problems with the abstract
- Simplicity rules
- Verbal and non-verbal consistency
- Listening
- Hearing vs. listening: what is difference? When does learning occur?
- 5 key strategies for better listening
- Self-Disclosure
- What 4 aspects of SD does the Johari Window show?
- Gender differences
- Importance of trust
- Timing in relationship: relevance?
- 5 Strategies for Increasing Self-disclosure
- Conflict
- 4 ways we deal with conflict
- 6 Ways to Become More Assertive
- Trends in Western countries
- Gender and Verbal Communication
- Rapport vs. Report Talk: Opposites
- Gender differences
- Barriers
- Judging
- Proposing/Pushing Solutions (non-collaborative)
- Avoiding Other's Concerns
- "...speaking of"
- One-upping
- 5 Strategies for Good Verbal Communication
- Characteristics
- Ambiguous often
- Hard to hide
- "The truth will out..."
- Non-verbal leakage
- 6 ways to detect
- Clusters of non-verbal; may conflict w/ verbal
- Cultural differences
- Gender differences in non-verbal communication
- Body Communication
- Gestures: motion of limbs or body
- Facial: cultural differences
- Eye communication
- 4 Functions
- Touch
- Expresses ____________________?
- Status and power aspects
- Gender differences
- Spatial (Proxemics)
- 4 distance categories and differences
- Power and status conveyed
- Who has more space and privacy? Why?
- SSSHHHHHHH!
- Is silence comfortable to everyone? Why not?
- What does a good listener do with silence?
- Types and examples of paralanguage
- How can you convey different meaning through various elements of paralangauge for the simple sentence "My dog has fleas"? (Try with examples in Fig. 10.9)
- Intro
- More contacts, fewer close friends
- Friends now based on shared interests/pleasures/satisfactions
- Search for closeness; possibility of loneliness greater
- Expectations exceed understanding of what is involved
- Both types of friends needed
- First Impressions
- Durable
- Based on sketchy information
- Negative given more weight; mistakes viewed as "intentional"
- Also, first impressions involve social comparisons
- Components
- Attractiveness
- Attractive people viewed as "better"
- Certain physical attributes. Which ones?
- American perspectives on who is "attractive"
- Ethnocentrism a factor
- "Settle" for what type of person (as far as appearance)?
- Handicapped persons are attractive, in spite of your book's claims, even though they are "different" from the rest of us.
- Reputations
- Similarity
- Personality aspects: similarities and complementary aspects
- Propinquity-Closeness
- Get to know subtle aspects: the little things
- Interaction linked to liking (kind of obvious, yes?)
- Non-verbal
- 'You remind me of............."
- Gazers vs avoiders
- Verbal-paralanguage
- Mistaken Impressions
- False consensus
- Signs of status? Real?
- Stereotypes: a natural tendency
- "Devil' or "halo" effect
- Fundamental attribution
- Shyness
- What is it?
- What % of Americans say they have a problem with shyness (as opposed to social phobia or social anxiety disorder)?
- Similar across cultures
- 3 basic types
- What % of population has the more extreme form?
- Why does our culture "shun" persons who may be shy? Why?
- Is it genetic? Learned?
- 5 steps to manage shyness
- Keeping Friends
- Extraordinary value of friendships: name some great aspects
- "A friend in need is a friend indeed": significance of this well-known phrase
- Self-Disclosure
- Health benefits: what are they?
- Some situations of SD can backfire. When?
- High self-esteem helps
- Gender differences: describe some
- Same Sex-Opposite Sex Friends
- Intimacy among women
- Also tensions, jealousies, rejection
- Men: dominance, property money
- Sex a factor between sexes
- Who benefits more from opposite sex friendships?
- Motives (6) why people want to "keep it platonic"
- Staying friends
- Trust!
- Life transitions cause break-up of friendships: name some transitions that might cause a friendship to wither
- We're trusting less overall: why is that?
- Loneliness
- Quality and quantity is lower than desired
- Health linkage
- Duration, not intensity, key
- Declines over time
- What parental situation causes serious loneliness in some
- 4 aspects of EI (Emotional Intelligence)
- Our focus (obsession) with self-fulfillment....good or bad?
- Lonely persons exaggerate internal, diminish external as a cause of loneliness
Chapter 12 Love and Commitment
- The Ingredients of Love
- Friendship/Love overlap: where?
- Differences w/friendships
- Theories of Love
- Hatfields conclusions: passionate and companionate love
- What conditions to qualify for falling "madly" in love?
- Sternberg's "Triangle of Love": so what are the 3 components, he says?
- Cultural variations: where do people come from who place love on a "pedestal"?
- Attachment styles (3)
- "Apple doesn't fall far from the tree": what does this refer to with styles of relationships?
- Male vs. Female differences?
- Commitment
- Cohabitation: define
- General characteristics (demographics)
- What is the "cohabitation effect"?
- What are definitional features of "battering abuse"
- Are they confined to one particular group of persons in terms of social, ethnic or economic factors?
- Marriage-legal union
- What is a common law marriage?
- Is gay marriage legal?
- Do Americans support gay unions? marriages? raising children in a gay marriage?
- Are people waiting longer to marry? Why?
- Are marriages between older people likely to last longer?
- What is meant by "voluntary marriage"?
- What shift in form of love occurs later in a marriage?
- Various aspects of negative and positive aspects of interaction in a marriage, esp. Gottman, Fincham, Kalmijn studies?
- What does 5:1 refer to?
- What's "consummate" love?
- Various aspects of adustments to sharing, communication and conflict
- Are marriages more egalitarian?
- What about perceptions of inequity in household chores?
- Issues with multiple roles.
- Several approaches to solve above problems
- Dynamics of sex itself
- Frequency or quality?
- Age factors
- Double standard of heterosexual sex: what is it exactly? Is the frequency of affairs becoming equal for men and women?
- What factors are more likely to lead a person to engage in extramarital affairs?
- Divorce
- Who initiates a divorce?
- Who makes more plans to divorce
- Who is more likely to follow through with a divorce?
- Who is more likely to talk with friends re: possible divorce?
- Who thinks more about it before actually getting a divorce ? (see a pattern here?)
- Est. time to recover?
- Single Parent Families and Remarriages
- Does divorce make children more vulnerable to psychological stress and depression?
- Does remarriage cause stress
- Is there some relationship between a single Mom and potential for economic hardship? What is statistical increase in likelihood of poverty for kids for single-parent kids vs. married couple family?
- What is likelihood of success for a remarriage vs. first marriage?
- Are adolescents a source of difficulty in the success of remarriage?
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